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It is now universally recognized that although doctors and pharmacists need accurate objective information about the drugs they prescribe and dispense, an entirely satisfactory method of supplying it has not been found. This deficiency may have resulted in the inappropriate use of drugs and an unacceptable frequency of adverse reactions.

In order to deepen the understanding of self-organization, the purpose of the paper is to raise and analyze the state of the art in the area of innovation networks, particularly the characteristics of self-organizing, relying on the theory of complex systems to overcome any shortcomings.

The databases selected for the search were Web of Science and Scopus; the keywords searched in the titles of articles were innovation networks, complex systems, self-organization and self-organizing; the timeline of the search covers the period between 2000 and 2014 due to the presence of important studies in the field of networks starting in the early 2000s; only studies published in English were used; the articles selected were examined by first reading the titles, then the abstracts, and finally the texts in full.

The way the main constructs from the analytical perspective of innovation networks intersect with complex systems explains how self-organization is presented and how it can be allowed to occur within a view of expected benefits for the purposes of these networks.

The originality of the research lies in the questioning of the classical form of organizational management in innovation networks, essentially based on the concentration of hierarchical power.

Examines the debate over “Higher superstition” (Gross and Levitt, 1994). Puts forward the arguments in the book and the response to the book from members of the US science and technology studies community. Asserts that increases in technical control have been at the expense of social and individual control. Mentions “diversionary reframing” – changing the subject, possibly by diverting attention away from the subject matter to the person doing the criticizing. Explores public attitudes towards science and technology, quoting a number of layman approaches to the bafflement of science. Identifies the irony in Gross and Levitt’s arguments, particularly in developing the interface between science and technology. Recommends paying more attention to the social construction of beliefs.

The purpose of this paper is to explore that relational capability plays a mediator role in the relationship between focal enterprises' control on knowledge transfer risks in R&D network.

The paper reviews the related literature from which it proposes a theoretical hypothesis and conceptual framework which is tested empirically adopting regression methodology by mathematical statistics software.

The results reveal that focal enterprises' control (core technological capability and network position) have a positive effect on knowledge transfer risks without the mediation of relational capability. Moreover, relational capability mediates the positive relationship between core technological capability and knowledge transfer risks.

The cross-sectional data of this research has difficult in testing causality between the variables, and future research should take account of the potential factors that can impact on knowledge transfer risks.

The results provide more valuable information to managers in alleviating knowledge transfer risks in R&D networks. For one thing, the study indicates how focal firms' control (core technological capability and network position) can be taken advantage of improving R&D efficiency and reducing the knowledge transfer risks. For another, the results emphasize that relational capability plays an important role in interacting with cooperative enterprises in the process of R&D activities.

Few studies present a theoretical discussion on focal firms control as the important determinants of knowledge transfer risks especially in the R&D network. Moreover it expands the related risk management theory by relational capability that mediates the relationship between focal firms control and knowledge transfer risks.

This paper takes stock of past research in international management, zeroing in on the location, organization, and capabilities for innovation in a multinational enterprise. It then reviews current realities and identifies emergent trends of multinational enterprise innovation to outline avenues for future research. It puts forward the need for further exploration of issues, such as emerging markets as an innovation context and emerging multinationals' knowledge creation approaches, as well as the particularities of structuring for open innovation and capabilities for global knowledge sharing.

This paper aims to propose a new knowledge creation model called Grey SECI (G-SECI), study the knowledge creation mechanism and the relationship between knowledge creation models and innovation performance during complex product systems (CoPSs) development. Research and development of CoPSs relies heavily on knowledge creation. However, most scholars have studied CoPS innovation stages from the view of design process of system products, focussing on functional management and project management during the R&D process for CoPS. Attention is lacking with regards to the key and essence of creating a complex technology: the creation of knowledge.

Modified from the classic SECI model’s spiral process of knowledge creation, a grey-SECI (G-SECI) knowledge creation model is here proposed vis-à-vis three knowledge categories: explicit knowledge, grey knowledge and tacit knowledge. Then, this paper further analyzes the effects of knowledge creation from the perspective of individual and the view of organization. Besides, an empirical study is conducted.

Statistical analysis indicates that there are three main paths of knowledge creation: individual experience knowledge acquisition, individual communication and reflection and organizational knowledge learning. Results further suggest that knowledge internalization by practice (KIP) is the key mode of knowledge creation, as well as the most important step for high-quality CoPS performance. Moreover, individual innovation performance is influenced by knowledge internalization by reflection and KIP; and organization innovation performance is influenced by knowledge combination and knowledge systematization.

The coverage of geographical distribution is limited. Therefore, there are no data from foreign enterprises. The impact of different geographical cultures on CoPS knowledge creation model could be further investigated; in addition, the statistical analysis results of this study need to be further verified in other industries.

This paper provides a series of insights for CoPS project leaders. The results may also provide practical guidance for the related management personnel in the fields of human resource training, project planning, project quality and technology R&D in CoPS R&D management.

The paper’s main contribution is to modify classic SECI knowledge conversion model by introducing grey knowledge and build a new G-SECI knowledge creation model. Besides, the paper adds empirical evidence on the knowledge creation paths in CoPS and reveals that internalization by practice is the key mode of knowledge creation.

The purpose of this paper is to improve the understanding of outsourcing new product development (NPD), and specifically of factors affecting the outsourcing decisions, by exploring the practices of the most innovative firms.

The paper draws on an internet‐based survey sent in winter 2008 to 494 medium‐sized firms in four industries which achieved a 77.3 percent response rate. The sample is split into the best firms and the rest, and a best practice analysis is performed with correlation analysis.

The best firms focus on knowledge issues to a higher extent, while cost and geographical proximity are more important for the rest firms. The best firms prioritize knowledge integration and development of knowledge about the outsourcing process higher.

The sample is taken from medium‐sized Swedish manufacturing firms. Future samples need to be expanded to further generalize the conclusions. Results show that further research combining resource and cost perspectives is needed.

Managers are recommended to not only find access to needed knowledge, but also give time to integration on a personal level, as this protects knowledge and lowers costs in the long‐run.

Studies of outsourcing NPD are few and, to the authors’ knowledge, no quantitative studies on the topic have been made.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical framework grounded in the fashion industry that investigates the relational capabilities of the lead firms to sustain synchronously multiple types of innovation by leveraging their supply network attributes. Both network functional diversity (NFD) and density are considered as impacting on the lead firm’s stylistic and process innovative capabilities.

A fixed-effect regression model was adopted for testing the theoretical model and hypotheses. The data have a cross-sectional time series structure with each of the 21 lead firms as a panel that spans a ten-year period.

The empirical results mostly confirm the theoretical assumptions and suggest an inverted U-shaped relationship between NFD and both stylistic and process innovation as well as a positive linear linkage between key-component suppliers network density and both types of innovations. The study also confirms key-component suppliers network density mediates the relationships of network diversity with both stylistic and process innovative capabilities.

This study departs from the current dominant logic of analysing each innovation type separately and explores the network configurations enhancing the joint generation or adoption of multiple innovation types. The study also proposes an empirical test of the theoretical assumptions in a specific industrial setting: the fashion industry.

Organizations are finding it more and more difficult to stay in balance with the pace of change. The continuous rise of business opportunities and the increase in global competition demands proactive knowledge management tools, new capabilities and an ability to renew and reconfigure existing capabilities. This paper presents a framework of the scenario process as a management tool for creating and sharing future‐oriented tacit knowledge in knowledge networks and describes how dynamic capabilities can be developed in view of future scenarios. The theoretical framework was tested in an inter‐industrial research project resulting in very promising findings about managing tacit, future‐oriented knowledge.

Fish quarantine is a measure to prevent the entry and spread of quarantine fish pests and diseases abroad and from one area to another within Indonesia's territory. Based on these backgrounds, this study aims to identify the knowledge, knowledge management (KM) processes and knowledge management system (KMS) priority needs for quarantine fish and other fishery products measures (QMFFP) and then develop a classification model and web-based decision support system (DSS) for QMFFP decisions.

This research methodology uses combination approaches, namely, contingency factor analysis (CFA), the cross-industry standard process for data mining (CRISP-DM) and knowledge management system development life cycle (KMSDLC). The CFA for KM solution design is performed by identifying KM processes and KMS priorities. The CRISP-DM for decision classification model is done by using a decision tree algorithm. The KMSDLC is used to develop a web-based DSS.

The highest priority requirements of KM technology for QMFFP are data mining and DSS with predictive features. The main finding of this study is to show that web-based DSS (functions and outputs) can support and accelerate QMFFP decisions by regulations and field practice needs. The DSS was developed using the CTree algorithm model, which has six main attributes and eight rules.

This study proposes a novel comprehensive framework for developing DSS (combination of CFA, CRISP-DM and KMSDLC), a novel classification model resulting from comparing two decision tree algorithms and a novel web-based DSS for QMFFP.